summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/sbin/newfs/mkfs.c
blob: 936cdae4c0fc85ea1be041581eecd268e43b51f9 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
/*	$NetBSD: mkfs.c,v 1.135 2023/07/05 10:58:58 riastradh Exp $	*/

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1980, 1989, 1993
 *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2002 Networks Associates Technology, Inc.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This software was developed for the FreeBSD Project by Marshall
 * Kirk McKusick and Network Associates Laboratories, the Security
 * Research Division of Network Associates, Inc. under DARPA/SPAWAR
 * contract N66001-01-C-8035 ("CBOSS"), as part of the DARPA CHATS
 * research program
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 *    must display the following acknowledgement:
 *	This product includes software developed by the University of
 *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
#ifndef lint
#if 0
static char sccsid[] = "@(#)mkfs.c	8.11 (Berkeley) 5/3/95";
#else
__RCSID("$NetBSD: mkfs.c,v 1.135 2023/07/05 10:58:58 riastradh Exp $");
#endif
#endif /* not lint */

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <ufs/ufs/dinode.h>
#include <ufs/ufs/dir.h>
#include <ufs/ufs/ufs_bswap.h>
#include <ufs/ufs/quota2.h>
#include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
#include <ufs/ffs/ffs_extern.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/disklabel.h>

#include <err.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stddef.h>

#ifndef STANDALONE
#include <stdio.h>
#endif

#include "extern.h"

union dinode {
	struct ufs1_dinode dp1;
	struct ufs2_dinode dp2;
};

static void initcg(uint32_t, const struct timeval *);
static int fsinit(const struct timeval *, mode_t, uid_t, gid_t);
union Buffer;
static int makedir(union Buffer *, struct direct *, int);
static daddr_t alloc(int, int);
static void iput(union dinode *, ino_t);
static void rdfs(daddr_t, int, void *);
static void wtfs(daddr_t, int, void *);
static int isblock(struct fs *, unsigned char *, int);
static void clrblock(struct fs *, unsigned char *, int);
static void setblock(struct fs *, unsigned char *, int);
static int ilog2(int);
static void zap_old_sblock(int);
#ifdef MFS
static void *mkfs_malloc(size_t size);
#endif

/*
 * make file system for cylinder-group style file systems
 */
#define	UMASK		0755

union {
	struct fs fs;
	char data[SBLOCKSIZE];
} *fsun;
#define	sblock	fsun->fs

union Buffer {
	struct quota2_header q2h;
	char data[MAXBSIZE];
};

struct	csum *fscs_0;		/* first block of cylinder summaries */
struct	csum *fscs_next;	/* place for next summary */
struct	csum *fscs_end;		/* end of summary buffer */
struct	csum *fscs_reset;	/* place for next summary after write */
uint	fs_csaddr;		/* fragment number to write to */

union {
	struct cg cg;
	char pad[MAXBSIZE];
} *cgun;
#define	acg	cgun->cg

#define DIP(dp, field) \
	((sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC) ? \
	(dp)->dp1.di_##field : (dp)->dp2.di_##field)

#define EXT2FS_SBOFF	1024	/* XXX: SBOFF in <ufs/ext2fs/ext2fs.h> */

char *iobuf;
int iobufsize;			/* size to end of 2nd inode block */
int iobuf_memsize;		/* Actual buffer size */

int	fsi, fso;

static void
fserr(int num)
{
#ifdef GARBAGE
	extern int Gflag;

	if (Gflag)
		return;
#endif
	exit(num);
}

void
mkfs(const char *fsys, int fi, int fo,
    mode_t mfsmode, uid_t mfsuid, gid_t mfsgid)
{
	uint fragsperinodeblk, ncg, u;
	uint cgzero;
	uint64_t inodeblks, cgall;
	uint32_t cylno;
	int i, csfrags;
	int inodes_per_cg;
	struct timeval tv;
	long long sizepb;
	int len, col, delta, fld_width, max_cols;
	struct winsize winsize;

#ifndef STANDALONE
	gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
#endif
#ifdef MFS
	if (mfs && !Nflag) {
		if ((membase = mkfs_malloc(fssize * sectorsize)) == NULL)
			exit(12);
	}
#endif
	if ((fsun = aligned_alloc(DEV_BSIZE, sizeof(*fsun))) == NULL)
		exit(12);
	memset(fsun, 0, sizeof(*fsun));
	if ((cgun = aligned_alloc(DEV_BSIZE, sizeof(*cgun))) == NULL)
		exit(12);
	memset(cgun, 0, sizeof(*cgun));

	fsi = fi;
	fso = fo;
	if (Oflag == 0) {
		sblock.fs_old_inodefmt = FS_42INODEFMT;
		sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen = 0;
		sblock.fs_old_flags = 0;
	} else {
		sblock.fs_old_inodefmt = FS_44INODEFMT;
		sblock.fs_maxsymlinklen = (Oflag == 1 ? UFS1_MAXSYMLINKLEN :
		    UFS2_MAXSYMLINKLEN);
		sblock.fs_old_flags = FS_FLAGS_UPDATED;
		if (isappleufs)
			sblock.fs_old_flags = 0;
		sblock.fs_flags = 0;
	}

	/*
	 * collect and verify the filesystem density info
	 */
	sblock.fs_avgfilesize = avgfilesize;
	sblock.fs_avgfpdir = avgfpdir;
	if (sblock.fs_avgfilesize <= 0) {
		printf("illegal expected average file size %d\n",
		    sblock.fs_avgfilesize);
		fserr(14);
	}
	if (sblock.fs_avgfpdir <= 0) {
		printf("illegal expected number of files per directory %d\n",
		    sblock.fs_avgfpdir);
		fserr(15);
	}
	/*
	 * collect and verify the block and fragment sizes
	 */
	sblock.fs_bsize = bsize;
	sblock.fs_fsize = fsize;
	if (!powerof2(sblock.fs_bsize)) {
		printf("block size must be a power of 2, not %d\n",
		    sblock.fs_bsize);
		fserr(16);
	}
	if (!powerof2(sblock.fs_fsize)) {
		printf("fragment size must be a power of 2, not %d\n",
		    sblock.fs_fsize);
		fserr(17);
	}
	if (sblock.fs_fsize < sectorsize) {
		printf("fragment size %d is too small, minimum is %d\n",
		    sblock.fs_fsize, sectorsize);
		fserr(18);
	}
	if (sblock.fs_bsize < MINBSIZE) {
		printf("block size %d is too small, minimum is %d\n",
		    sblock.fs_bsize, MINBSIZE);
		fserr(19);
	}
	if (sblock.fs_bsize > MAXBSIZE) {
		printf("block size %d is too large, maximum is %d\n",
		    sblock.fs_bsize, MAXBSIZE);
		fserr(19);
	}
	if (sblock.fs_bsize < sblock.fs_fsize) {
		printf("block size (%d) cannot be smaller than fragment size (%d)\n",
		    sblock.fs_bsize, sblock.fs_fsize);
		fserr(20);
	}

	if (maxbsize < bsize || !powerof2(maxbsize)) {
		sblock.fs_maxbsize = sblock.fs_bsize;
	} else if (sblock.fs_maxbsize > FS_MAXCONTIG * sblock.fs_bsize) {
		sblock.fs_maxbsize = FS_MAXCONTIG * sblock.fs_bsize;
	} else {
		sblock.fs_maxbsize = maxbsize;
	}
	sblock.fs_maxcontig = maxcontig;
	if (sblock.fs_maxcontig < sblock.fs_maxbsize / sblock.fs_bsize) {
		sblock.fs_maxcontig = sblock.fs_maxbsize / sblock.fs_bsize;
		if (verbosity > 0)
			printf("Maxcontig raised to %d\n", sblock.fs_maxbsize);
	}
	if (sblock.fs_maxcontig > 1)
		sblock.fs_contigsumsize = MIN(sblock.fs_maxcontig,FS_MAXCONTIG);

	sblock.fs_bmask = ~(sblock.fs_bsize - 1);
	sblock.fs_fmask = ~(sblock.fs_fsize - 1);
	sblock.fs_qbmask = ~sblock.fs_bmask;
	sblock.fs_qfmask = ~sblock.fs_fmask;
	for (sblock.fs_bshift = 0, i = sblock.fs_bsize; i > 1; i >>= 1)
		sblock.fs_bshift++;
	for (sblock.fs_fshift = 0, i = sblock.fs_fsize; i > 1; i >>= 1)
		sblock.fs_fshift++;
	sblock.fs_frag = ffs_numfrags(&sblock, sblock.fs_bsize);
	for (sblock.fs_fragshift = 0, i = sblock.fs_frag; i > 1; i >>= 1)
		sblock.fs_fragshift++;
	if (sblock.fs_frag > MAXFRAG) {
		printf("fragment size %d is too small, "
			"minimum with block size %d is %d\n",
		    sblock.fs_fsize, sblock.fs_bsize,
		    sblock.fs_bsize / MAXFRAG);
		fserr(21);
	}
	sblock.fs_fsbtodb = ilog2(sblock.fs_fsize / sectorsize);
	sblock.fs_size = FFS_DBTOFSB(&sblock, fssize);
	if (Oflag <= 1) {
		if ((uint64_t)sblock.fs_size >= 1ull << 31) {
			printf("Too many fragments (0x%" PRIx64
			    ") for a FFSv1 filesystem\n", sblock.fs_size);
			fserr(22);
		}
		sblock.fs_magic = FS_UFS1_MAGIC;
		sblock.fs_sblockloc = SBLOCK_UFS1;
		sblock.fs_nindir = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(int32_t);
		sblock.fs_inopb = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(struct ufs1_dinode);
		sblock.fs_old_cgoffset = 0;
		sblock.fs_old_cgmask = 0xffffffff;
		sblock.fs_old_size = sblock.fs_size;
		sblock.fs_old_rotdelay = 0;
		sblock.fs_old_rps = 60;
		sblock.fs_old_nspf = sblock.fs_fsize / sectorsize;
		sblock.fs_old_cpg = 1;
		sblock.fs_old_interleave = 1;
		sblock.fs_old_trackskew = 0;
		sblock.fs_old_cpc = 0;
		sblock.fs_old_postblformat = FS_DYNAMICPOSTBLFMT;
		sblock.fs_old_nrpos = 1;
	} else {
		sblock.fs_magic = FS_UFS2_MAGIC;
		sblock.fs_sblockloc = SBLOCK_UFS2;
		sblock.fs_nindir = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(int64_t);
		sblock.fs_inopb = sblock.fs_bsize / sizeof(struct ufs2_dinode);
	}

	sblock.fs_sblkno =
	    roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_sblockloc + SBLOCKSIZE, sblock.fs_fsize),
		sblock.fs_frag);
	sblock.fs_cblkno = (daddr_t)(sblock.fs_sblkno +
	    roundup(howmany(SBLOCKSIZE, sblock.fs_fsize), sblock.fs_frag));
	sblock.fs_iblkno = sblock.fs_cblkno + sblock.fs_frag;
	sblock.fs_maxfilesize = sblock.fs_bsize * UFS_NDADDR - 1;
	for (sizepb = sblock.fs_bsize, i = 0; i < UFS_NIADDR; i++) {
		sizepb *= FFS_NINDIR(&sblock);
		sblock.fs_maxfilesize += sizepb;
	}

	/*
	 * Calculate the number of blocks to put into each cylinder group.
	 *
	 * The cylinder group size is limited because the data structure
	 * must fit into a single block.
	 * We try to have as few cylinder groups as possible, with a proviso
	 * that we create at least MINCYLGRPS (==4) except for small
	 * filesystems.
	 *
	 * This algorithm works out how many blocks of inodes would be
	 * needed to fill the entire volume at the specified density.
	 * It then looks at how big the 'cylinder block' would have to
	 * be and, assuming that it is linearly related to the number
	 * of inodes and blocks how many cylinder groups are needed to
	 * keep the cylinder block below the filesystem block size.
	 *
	 * The cylinder groups are then all created with the average size.
	 *
	 * Space taken by the red tape on cylinder groups other than the
	 * first is ignored.
	 */

	/* There must be space for 1 inode block and 2 data blocks */
	if (sblock.fs_size < sblock.fs_iblkno + 3 * sblock.fs_frag) {
		printf("Filesystem size %lld < minimum size of %d\n",
		    (long long)sblock.fs_size, sblock.fs_iblkno + 3 * sblock.fs_frag);
		fserr(23);
	}
	if (num_inodes != 0)
		inodeblks = howmany(num_inodes, FFS_INOPB(&sblock));
	else {
		/*
		 * Calculate 'per inode block' so we can allocate less than
		 * 1 fragment per inode - useful for /dev.
		 */
		fragsperinodeblk = MAX(ffs_numfrags(&sblock,
					(uint64_t)density * FFS_INOPB(&sblock)), 1);
		inodeblks = (sblock.fs_size - sblock.fs_iblkno) /	
			(sblock.fs_frag + fragsperinodeblk);
	}
	if (inodeblks == 0)
		inodeblks = 1;
	/* Ensure that there are at least 2 data blocks (or we fail below) */
	if (inodeblks > (uint64_t)(sblock.fs_size - sblock.fs_iblkno)/sblock.fs_frag - 2)
		inodeblks = (sblock.fs_size-sblock.fs_iblkno)/sblock.fs_frag-2;
	/* Even UFS2 limits number of inodes to 2^31 (fs_ipg is int32_t) */
	if (inodeblks * FFS_INOPB(&sblock) >= 1ull << 31)
		inodeblks = ((1ull << 31) - NBBY) / FFS_INOPB(&sblock);
	/*
	 * See what would happen if we tried to use 1 cylinder group.
	 * Assume space linear, so work out number of cylinder groups needed.
	 */
	cgzero = CGSIZE_IF(&sblock, 0, 0);
	cgall = CGSIZE_IF(&sblock, inodeblks * FFS_INOPB(&sblock), sblock.fs_size);
	ncg = howmany(cgall - cgzero, sblock.fs_bsize - cgzero);
	if (ncg < MINCYLGRPS) {
		/*
		 * We would like to allocate MINCLYGRPS cylinder groups,
		 * but for small file systems (especially ones with a lot
		 * of inodes) this is not desirable (or possible).
		 */
		u = sblock.fs_size / 2 / (sblock.fs_iblkno +
						inodeblks * sblock.fs_frag);
		if (u > ncg)
			ncg = u;
		if (ncg > MINCYLGRPS)
			ncg = MINCYLGRPS;
		if (ncg > inodeblks)
			ncg = inodeblks;
	}
	/*
	 * Put an equal number of blocks in each cylinder group.
	 * Round up so we don't have more fragments in the last CG than
	 * the earlier ones (does that matter?), but kill a block if the
	 * CGSIZE becomes too big (only happens if there are a lot of CGs).
	 */
	sblock.fs_fpg = roundup(howmany(sblock.fs_size, ncg), sblock.fs_frag);
	/* Round up the fragments/group so the bitmap bytes are full */
	sblock.fs_fpg = roundup(sblock.fs_fpg, NBBY);
	inodes_per_cg = ((inodeblks - 1) / ncg + 1) * FFS_INOPB(&sblock);

	i = CGSIZE_IF(&sblock, inodes_per_cg, sblock.fs_fpg);
	if (i > sblock.fs_bsize) {
		sblock.fs_fpg -= (i - sblock.fs_bsize) * NBBY;
		/* ... and recalculate how many cylinder groups we now need */
		ncg = howmany(sblock.fs_size, sblock.fs_fpg);
		inodes_per_cg = ((inodeblks - 1) / ncg + 1) * FFS_INOPB(&sblock);
	}
	sblock.fs_ipg = inodes_per_cg;
	/* Sanity check on our sums... */
	if ((int)CGSIZE(&sblock) > sblock.fs_bsize) {
		printf("CGSIZE miscalculated %d > %d\n",
		    (int)CGSIZE(&sblock), sblock.fs_bsize);
		fserr(24);
	}

	sblock.fs_dblkno = sblock.fs_iblkno + sblock.fs_ipg / FFS_INOPF(&sblock);
	/* Check that the last cylinder group has enough space for the inodes */
	i = sblock.fs_size - sblock.fs_fpg * (ncg - 1ull);
	if (i < sblock.fs_dblkno) {
		/*
		 * Since we make all the cylinder groups the same size, the
		 * last will only be small if there are a large number of
		 * cylinder groups. If we pull even a fragment from each
		 * of the other groups then the last CG will be overfull.
		 * So we just kill the last CG.
		 */
		ncg--;
		sblock.fs_size -= i;
	}
	sblock.fs_ncg = ncg;

	sblock.fs_cgsize = ffs_fragroundup(&sblock, CGSIZE(&sblock));
	if (Oflag <= 1) {
		sblock.fs_old_spc = sblock.fs_fpg * sblock.fs_old_nspf;
		sblock.fs_old_nsect = sblock.fs_old_spc;
		sblock.fs_old_npsect = sblock.fs_old_spc;
		sblock.fs_old_ncyl = sblock.fs_ncg;
	}

	/*
	 * Cylinder group summary information for each cylinder is written
	 * into the first cylinder group.
	 * Write this fragment by fragment, but doing the first CG last
	 * (after we've taken stuff off for the structure itself and the
	 * root directory.
	 */
	sblock.fs_csaddr = cgdmin(&sblock, 0);
	sblock.fs_cssize =
	    ffs_fragroundup(&sblock, sblock.fs_ncg * sizeof(struct csum));
	if (512 % sizeof *fscs_0)
		errx(1, "cylinder group summary doesn't fit in sectors");
	fscs_0 = mmap(0, 2 * sblock.fs_fsize, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
			MAP_ANON|MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
	if (fscs_0 == MAP_FAILED)
		exit(39);
	memset(fscs_0, 0, 2 * sblock.fs_fsize);
	fs_csaddr = sblock.fs_csaddr;
	fscs_next = fscs_0;
	fscs_end = (void *)((char *)fscs_0 + 2 * sblock.fs_fsize);
	fscs_reset = (void *)((char *)fscs_0 + sblock.fs_fsize);
	/*
	 * fill in remaining fields of the super block
	 */
	sblock.fs_sbsize = ffs_fragroundup(&sblock, sizeof(struct fs));
	if (sblock.fs_sbsize > SBLOCKSIZE)
		sblock.fs_sbsize = SBLOCKSIZE;
	sblock.fs_minfree = minfree;
	sblock.fs_maxcontig = maxcontig;
	sblock.fs_maxbpg = maxbpg;
	sblock.fs_optim = opt;
	sblock.fs_cgrotor = 0;
	sblock.fs_pendingblocks = 0;
	sblock.fs_pendinginodes = 0;
	sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir = 0;
	sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree = 0;
	sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree = 0;
	sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree = 0;
	sblock.fs_fmod = 0;
	sblock.fs_ronly = 0;
	sblock.fs_state = 0;
	sblock.fs_clean = FS_ISCLEAN;
	sblock.fs_ronly = 0;
	sblock.fs_id[0] = (long)tv.tv_sec;	/* XXXfvdl huh? */
	sblock.fs_id[1] = arc4random() & INT32_MAX;
	sblock.fs_fsmnt[0] = '\0';
	csfrags = howmany(sblock.fs_cssize, sblock.fs_fsize);
	sblock.fs_dsize = sblock.fs_size - sblock.fs_sblkno -
	    sblock.fs_ncg * (sblock.fs_dblkno - sblock.fs_sblkno);
	sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree =
	    ffs_fragstoblks(&sblock, sblock.fs_dsize) -
	    howmany(csfrags, sblock.fs_frag);
	sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree =
	    ffs_fragnum(&sblock, sblock.fs_size) +
	    (ffs_fragnum(&sblock, csfrags) > 0 ?
	    sblock.fs_frag - ffs_fragnum(&sblock, csfrags) : 0);
	sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree = sblock.fs_ncg * sblock.fs_ipg - UFS_ROOTINO;
	sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir = 0;
	sblock.fs_dsize -= csfrags;
	sblock.fs_time = tv.tv_sec;
	if (Oflag <= 1) {
		sblock.fs_old_time = tv.tv_sec;
		sblock.fs_old_dsize = sblock.fs_dsize;
		sblock.fs_old_csaddr = sblock.fs_csaddr;
		sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_ndir = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir;
		sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nbfree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree;
		sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nifree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree;
		sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nffree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree;
	}
	/* add quota data in superblock */
	if (quotas) {
		sblock.fs_flags |= FS_DOQUOTA2;
		sblock.fs_quota_magic = Q2_HEAD_MAGIC;
		sblock.fs_quota_flags = quotas;
	}
	/*
	 * Dump out summary information about file system.
	 */
	if (verbosity > 0) {
#define	B2MBFACTOR (1 / (1024.0 * 1024.0))
		printf("%s: %.1fMB (%lld sectors) block size %d, "
		       "fragment size %d\n",
		    fsys, (float)sblock.fs_size * sblock.fs_fsize * B2MBFACTOR,
		    (long long)FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, sblock.fs_size),
		    sblock.fs_bsize, sblock.fs_fsize);
		printf("\tusing %d cylinder groups of %.2fMB, %d blks, "
		       "%d inodes.\n",
		    sblock.fs_ncg,
		    (float)sblock.fs_fpg * sblock.fs_fsize * B2MBFACTOR,
		    sblock.fs_fpg / sblock.fs_frag, sblock.fs_ipg);
#undef B2MBFACTOR
	}

	/*
	 * allocate space for superblock, cylinder group map, and
	 * two sets of inode blocks.
	 */
	if (sblock.fs_bsize < SBLOCKSIZE)
		iobufsize = SBLOCKSIZE + 3 * sblock.fs_bsize;
	else
		iobufsize = 4 * sblock.fs_bsize;
	iobuf_memsize = iobufsize;
	if (!mfs && sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC) {
		/* A larger buffer so we can write multiple inode blks */
		iobuf_memsize += 14 * sblock.fs_bsize;
	}
	for (;;) {
		iobuf = mmap(0, iobuf_memsize, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
				MAP_ANON|MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
		if (iobuf != MAP_FAILED)
			break;
		if (iobuf_memsize != iobufsize) {
			/* Try again with the smaller size */
			iobuf_memsize = iobufsize;
			continue;
		}
		printf("Cannot allocate I/O buffer\n");
		exit(38);
	}
	memset(iobuf, 0, iobuf_memsize);

	/*
	 * We now start writing to the filesystem
	 */

	if (!Nflag) {
		/*
		 * Validate the given file system size.
		 * Verify that its last block can actually be accessed.
		 * Convert to file system fragment sized units.
		 */
		if (fssize <= 0) {
			printf("preposterous size %lld\n", (long long)fssize);
			fserr(13);
		}
		wtfs(fssize - 1, sectorsize, iobuf);

		/*
		 * Ensure there is nothing that looks like a filesystem
		 * superbock anywhere other than where ours will be.
		 * If fsck finds the wrong one all hell breaks loose!
		 */
		for (i = 0; ; i++) {
			static const int sblocklist[] = SBLOCKSEARCH;
			int sblkoff = sblocklist[i];
			int sz;
			if (sblkoff == -1)
				break;
			/* Remove main superblock */
			zap_old_sblock(sblkoff);
			/* and all possible locations for the first alternate */
			sblkoff += SBLOCKSIZE;
			for (sz = SBLOCKSIZE; sz <= 0x10000; sz <<= 1)
				zap_old_sblock(roundup(sblkoff, sz));
		}
		/*
		 * Also zap possible Ext2fs magic leftover to prevent
		 * kernel vfs_mountroot() and bootloaders from mis-recognizing
		 * this file system as Ext2fs.
		 */
		zap_old_sblock(EXT2FS_SBOFF);

#ifndef NO_APPLE_UFS
		if (isappleufs) {
			struct appleufslabel appleufs __aligned(DEV_BSIZE);
			ffs_appleufs_set(&appleufs, appleufs_volname,
			    tv.tv_sec, 0);
			wtfs(APPLEUFS_LABEL_OFFSET/sectorsize,
			    APPLEUFS_LABEL_SIZE, &appleufs);
		} else if (APPLEUFS_LABEL_SIZE % sectorsize == 0) {
			struct appleufslabel appleufs;
			/* Look for & zap any existing valid apple ufs labels */
			rdfs(APPLEUFS_LABEL_OFFSET/sectorsize,
			    APPLEUFS_LABEL_SIZE, &appleufs);
			if (ffs_appleufs_validate(fsys, &appleufs, NULL) == 0) {
				memset(&appleufs, 0, sizeof(appleufs));
				wtfs(APPLEUFS_LABEL_OFFSET/sectorsize,
				    APPLEUFS_LABEL_SIZE, &appleufs);
			}
		}
#endif
	}

	/*
	 * Make a copy of the superblock into the buffer that we will be
	 * writing out in each cylinder group.
	 */
	memcpy(iobuf, &sblock, sizeof sblock);
	if (needswap)
		ffs_sb_swap(&sblock, (struct fs *)iobuf);
	if ((sblock.fs_old_flags & FS_FLAGS_UPDATED) == 0)
		memset(iobuf + offsetof(struct fs, fs_old_postbl_start),
		    0xff, 256);

	if (verbosity >= 3)
		printf("super-block backups (for fsck_ffs -b #) at:\n");
	/* If we are printing more than one line of numbers, line up columns */
	fld_width = verbosity < 4 ? 1 : snprintf(NULL, 0, "%" PRIu64, 
		(uint64_t)FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, sblock.fs_ncg-1)));
	/* Get terminal width */
	if (ioctl(fileno(stdout), TIOCGWINSZ, &winsize) == 0)
		max_cols = winsize.ws_col;
	else
		max_cols = 80;
	if (Nflag && verbosity == 3)
		/* Leave space to add " ..." after one row of numbers */
		max_cols -= 4;
#define BASE 0x10000	/* For some fixed-point maths */
	col = 0;
	delta = verbosity > 2 ? 0 : max_cols * BASE / sblock.fs_ncg;
	for (cylno = 0; cylno < sblock.fs_ncg; cylno++) {
		fflush(stdout);
		initcg(cylno, &tv);
		if (verbosity < 2)
			continue;
		if (delta > 0) {
			if (Nflag)
				/* No point doing dots for -N */
				break;
			/* Print dots scaled to end near RH margin */
			for (col += delta; col > BASE; col -= BASE)
				printf(".");
			continue;
		}
		/* Print superblock numbers */
		len = printf("%s%*" PRIu64 ",", col ? " " : "", fld_width,
		    (uint64_t)FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, cylno)));
		col += len;
		if (col + len < max_cols)
			/* Next number fits */
			continue;
		/* Next number won't fit, need a newline */
		if (verbosity <= 3) {
			/* Print dots for subsequent cylinder groups */
			delta = sblock.fs_ncg - cylno - 1;
			if (delta != 0) {
				if (Nflag) {
					printf(" ...");
					break;
				}
				delta = max_cols * BASE / delta;
			}
		}
		col = 0;
		printf("\n");
	}
#undef BASE
	if (col > 0)
		printf("\n");
	if (Nflag)
		exit(0);

	/*
	 * Now construct the initial file system,
	 */
	if (fsinit(&tv, mfsmode, mfsuid, mfsgid) == 0 && mfs)
		errx(1, "Error making filesystem");
	sblock.fs_time = tv.tv_sec;
	if (Oflag <= 1) {
		sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_ndir = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir;
		sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nbfree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree;
		sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nifree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree;
		sblock.fs_old_cstotal.cs_nffree = sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree;
	}
	/*
	 * Write out the super-block and zeros until the first cg info
	 */
	i = cgsblock(&sblock, 0) * sblock.fs_fsize - sblock.fs_sblockloc;
	if ((size_t)i < sizeof(sblock))
		errx(1, "No space for superblock");
	memcpy(iobuf, &sblock, sizeof(sblock));
	memset(iobuf + sizeof(sblock), 0, i - sizeof(sblock));
	if (needswap)
		ffs_sb_swap(&sblock, (struct fs *)iobuf);
	if (eaflag)
		((struct fs *)iobuf)->fs_magic = FS_UFS2EA_MAGIC;
	if ((sblock.fs_old_flags & FS_FLAGS_UPDATED) == 0)
		memset(iobuf + offsetof(struct fs, fs_old_postbl_start),
		    0xff, 256);
	wtfs(sblock.fs_sblockloc / sectorsize, i, iobuf);

	/* Write out first and last cylinder summary sectors */
	if (needswap)
		ffs_csum_swap(fscs_0, fscs_0, sblock.fs_fsize);
	wtfs(FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, sblock.fs_csaddr), sblock.fs_fsize, fscs_0);

	if (fscs_next > fscs_reset) {
		if (needswap)
			ffs_csum_swap(fscs_reset, fscs_reset, sblock.fs_fsize);
		fs_csaddr++;
		wtfs(FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, fs_csaddr), sblock.fs_fsize, fscs_reset);
	}

	/* mfs doesn't need these permanently allocated */
	munmap(iobuf, iobuf_memsize);
	munmap(fscs_0, 2 * sblock.fs_fsize);
}

/*
 * Initialize a cylinder group.
 */
void
initcg(uint32_t cylno, const struct timeval *tv)
{
	daddr_t cbase, dmax;
	uint32_t i, d, dlower, dupper, blkno, u;
	struct ufs1_dinode *dp1;
	struct ufs2_dinode *dp2;
	int start;

	/*
	 * Determine block bounds for cylinder group.
	 * Allow space for super block summary information in first
	 * cylinder group.
	 */
	cbase = cgbase(&sblock, cylno);
	dmax = cbase + sblock.fs_fpg;
	if (dmax > sblock.fs_size)
		dmax = sblock.fs_size;
	dlower = cgsblock(&sblock, cylno) - cbase;
	dupper = cgdmin(&sblock, cylno) - cbase;
	if (cylno == 0) {
		dupper += howmany(sblock.fs_cssize, sblock.fs_fsize);
		if (dupper >= cgstart(&sblock, cylno + 1)) {
			printf("\rToo many cylinder groups to fit summary "
				"information into first cylinder group\n");
			fserr(40);
		}
	}
	memset(&acg, 0, sblock.fs_cgsize);
	acg.cg_magic = CG_MAGIC;
	acg.cg_cgx = cylno;
	acg.cg_ndblk = dmax - cbase;
	if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
		acg.cg_nclusterblks = acg.cg_ndblk >> sblock.fs_fragshift;
	start = &acg.cg_space[0] - (u_char *)(&acg.cg_firstfield);
	if (Oflag == 2) {
		acg.cg_time = tv->tv_sec;
		acg.cg_niblk = sblock.fs_ipg;
		acg.cg_initediblk = sblock.fs_ipg < 2 * FFS_INOPB(&sblock) ?
		    sblock.fs_ipg : 2 * FFS_INOPB(&sblock);
		acg.cg_iusedoff = start;
	} else {
		acg.cg_old_ncyl = sblock.fs_old_cpg;
		if ((sblock.fs_old_flags & FS_FLAGS_UPDATED) == 0 &&
		    (cylno == sblock.fs_ncg - 1))
			acg.cg_old_ncyl = 
			    sblock.fs_old_ncyl % sblock.fs_old_cpg;
		acg.cg_old_time = tv->tv_sec;
		acg.cg_old_niblk = sblock.fs_ipg;
		acg.cg_old_btotoff = start;
		acg.cg_old_boff = acg.cg_old_btotoff +
		    sblock.fs_old_cpg * sizeof(int32_t);
		acg.cg_iusedoff = acg.cg_old_boff +
		    sblock.fs_old_cpg * sizeof(u_int16_t);
	}
	acg.cg_freeoff = acg.cg_iusedoff + howmany(sblock.fs_ipg, CHAR_BIT);
	if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize <= 0) {
		acg.cg_nextfreeoff = acg.cg_freeoff +
		   howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, CHAR_BIT);
	} else {
		acg.cg_clustersumoff = acg.cg_freeoff +
		    howmany(sblock.fs_fpg, CHAR_BIT) - sizeof(int32_t);
		if (isappleufs) {
			/* Apple PR2216969 gives rationale for this change.
			 * I believe they were mistaken, but we need to
			 * duplicate it for compatibility.  -- dbj@NetBSD.org
			 */
			acg.cg_clustersumoff += sizeof(int32_t);
		}
		acg.cg_clustersumoff =
		    roundup(acg.cg_clustersumoff, sizeof(int32_t));
		acg.cg_clusteroff = acg.cg_clustersumoff +
		    (sblock.fs_contigsumsize + 1) * sizeof(int32_t);
		acg.cg_nextfreeoff = acg.cg_clusteroff +
		    howmany(ffs_fragstoblks(&sblock, sblock.fs_fpg), CHAR_BIT);
	}
	if (acg.cg_nextfreeoff > (unsigned)sblock.fs_cgsize) {
		printf("Panic: cylinder group too big\n");
		fserr(37);
	}
	acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree += sblock.fs_ipg;
	if (cylno == 0)
		for (u = 0; u < UFS_ROOTINO; u++) {
			setbit(cg_inosused(&acg, 0), u);
			acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree--;
		}
	if (cylno > 0) {
		/*
		 * In cylno 0, beginning space is reserved
		 * for boot and super blocks.
		 */
		for (d = 0, blkno = 0; d < dlower;) {
			setblock(&sblock, cg_blksfree(&acg, 0), blkno);
			if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
				setbit(cg_clustersfree(&acg, 0), blkno);
			acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree++;
			if (Oflag <= 1) {
				int cn = old_cbtocylno(&sblock, d);
				old_cg_blktot(&acg, 0)[cn]++;
				old_cg_blks(&sblock, &acg,
				    cn, 0)[old_cbtorpos(&sblock, d)]++;
			}
			d += sblock.fs_frag;
			blkno++;
		}
	}
	if ((i = (dupper & (sblock.fs_frag - 1))) != 0) {
		acg.cg_frsum[sblock.fs_frag - i]++;
		for (d = dupper + sblock.fs_frag - i; dupper < d; dupper++) {
			setbit(cg_blksfree(&acg, 0), dupper);
			acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree++;
		}
	}
	for (d = dupper, blkno = dupper >> sblock.fs_fragshift;
	     d + sblock.fs_frag <= acg.cg_ndblk; ) {
		setblock(&sblock, cg_blksfree(&acg, 0), blkno);
		if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
			setbit(cg_clustersfree(&acg, 0), blkno);
		acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree++;
		if (Oflag <= 1) {
			int cn = old_cbtocylno(&sblock, d);
			old_cg_blktot(&acg, 0)[cn]++;
			old_cg_blks(&sblock, &acg,
			    cn, 0)[old_cbtorpos(&sblock, d)]++;
		}
		d += sblock.fs_frag;
		blkno++;
	}
	if (d < acg.cg_ndblk) {
		acg.cg_frsum[acg.cg_ndblk - d]++;
		for (; d < acg.cg_ndblk; d++) {
			setbit(cg_blksfree(&acg, 0), d);
			acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree++;
		}
	}
	if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0) {
		int32_t *sump = cg_clustersum(&acg, 0);
		u_char *mapp = cg_clustersfree(&acg, 0);
		int map = *mapp++;
		int bit = 1;
		int run = 0;

		for (i = 0; i < acg.cg_nclusterblks; i++) {
			if ((map & bit) != 0) {
				run++;
			} else if (run != 0) {
				if (run > sblock.fs_contigsumsize)
					run = sblock.fs_contigsumsize;
				sump[run]++;
				run = 0;
			}
			if ((i & (CHAR_BIT - 1)) != (CHAR_BIT - 1)) {
				bit <<= 1;
			} else {
				map = *mapp++;
				bit = 1;
			}
		}
		if (run != 0) {
			if (run > sblock.fs_contigsumsize)
				run = sblock.fs_contigsumsize;
			sump[run]++;
		}
	}
	*fscs_next++ = acg.cg_cs;
	if (fscs_next == fscs_end) {
		/* write block of cylinder group summary info into cyl 0 */
		if (needswap)
			ffs_csum_swap(fscs_reset, fscs_reset, sblock.fs_fsize);
		fs_csaddr++;
		wtfs(FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, fs_csaddr), sblock.fs_fsize, fscs_reset);
		fscs_next = fscs_reset;
		memset(fscs_next, 0, sblock.fs_fsize);
	}
	/*
	 * Write out the duplicate super block, the cylinder group map
	 * and two blocks worth of inodes in a single write.
	 */
	start = sblock.fs_bsize > SBLOCKSIZE ? sblock.fs_bsize : SBLOCKSIZE;
	memcpy(&iobuf[start], &acg, sblock.fs_cgsize);
	if (needswap)
		ffs_cg_swap(&acg, (struct cg*)&iobuf[start], &sblock);
	start += sblock.fs_bsize;
	dp1 = (struct ufs1_dinode *)(&iobuf[start]);
	dp2 = (struct ufs2_dinode *)(&iobuf[start]);
	for (i = MIN(sblock.fs_ipg, 2) * FFS_INOPB(&sblock); i != 0; i--) {
		if (sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC) {
			/* No need to swap, it'll stay random */
			dp1->di_gen = arc4random() & INT32_MAX;
			dp1++;
		} else {
			dp2->di_gen = arc4random() & INT32_MAX;
			dp2++;
		}
	}
	wtfs(FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, cgsblock(&sblock, cylno)), iobufsize, iobuf);
	/*
	 * For the old file system, we have to initialize all the inodes.
	 */
	if (sblock.fs_magic != FS_UFS1_MAGIC)
		return;

	/* Write 'd' (usually 16 * fs_frag) file-system fragments at once */
	d = (iobuf_memsize - start) / sblock.fs_bsize * sblock.fs_frag;
	dupper = sblock.fs_ipg / FFS_INOPF(&sblock);
	for (i = 2 * sblock.fs_frag; i < dupper; i += d) {
		if (d > dupper - i)
			d = dupper - i;
		dp1 = (struct ufs1_dinode *)(&iobuf[start]);
		do
			dp1->di_gen = arc4random() & INT32_MAX;
		while ((char *)++dp1 < &iobuf[iobuf_memsize]);
		wtfs(FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, cgimin(&sblock, cylno) + i),
		    d * sblock.fs_bsize / sblock.fs_frag, &iobuf[start]);
	}
}

/*
 * initialize the file system
 */

#ifdef LOSTDIR
#define	PREDEFDIR 3
#else
#define	PREDEFDIR 2
#endif

struct direct root_dir[] = {
	{ UFS_ROOTINO, sizeof(struct direct), DT_DIR, 1, "." },
	{ UFS_ROOTINO, sizeof(struct direct), DT_DIR, 2, ".." },
#ifdef LOSTDIR
	{ LOSTFOUNDINO, sizeof(struct direct), DT_DIR, 10, "lost+found" },
#endif
};
struct odirect {
	u_int32_t d_ino;
	u_int16_t d_reclen;
	u_int16_t d_namlen;
	u_char	d_name[FFS_MAXNAMLEN + 1];
} oroot_dir[] = {
	{ UFS_ROOTINO, sizeof(struct direct), 1, "." },
	{ UFS_ROOTINO, sizeof(struct direct), 2, ".." },
#ifdef LOSTDIR
	{ LOSTFOUNDINO, sizeof(struct direct), 10, "lost+found" },
#endif
};
#ifdef LOSTDIR
struct direct lost_found_dir[] = {
	{ LOSTFOUNDINO, sizeof(struct direct), DT_DIR, 1, "." },
	{ UFS_ROOTINO, sizeof(struct direct), DT_DIR, 2, ".." },
	{ 0, DIRBLKSIZ, 0, 0, 0 },
};
struct odirect olost_found_dir[] = {
	{ LOSTFOUNDINO, sizeof(struct direct), 1, "." },
	{ UFS_ROOTINO, sizeof(struct direct), 2, ".." },
	{ 0, DIRBLKSIZ, 0, 0 },
};
#endif

static void copy_dir(struct direct *, struct direct *);

int
fsinit(const struct timeval *tv, mode_t mfsmode, uid_t mfsuid, gid_t mfsgid)
{
	union dinode node;
	union Buffer buf __aligned(DEV_BSIZE);
	int i;
	int qblocks = 0;
	int qinos = 0;
	uint8_t q2h_hash_shift;
	uint16_t q2h_hash_mask;
#ifdef LOSTDIR
	int dirblksiz = DIRBLKSIZ;
	if (isappleufs)
		dirblksiz = APPLEUFS_DIRBLKSIZ;
	int nextino = LOSTFOUNDINO+1;
#else
	int nextino = UFS_ROOTINO+1;
#endif

	/*
	 * initialize the node
	 */

#ifdef LOSTDIR
	/*
	 * create the lost+found directory
	 */
	memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
	if (Oflag == 0) {
		(void)makedir(&buf, (struct direct *)olost_found_dir, 2);
		for (i = dirblksiz; i < sblock.fs_bsize; i += dirblksiz)
			copy_dir((struct direct*)&olost_found_dir[2],
				(struct direct*)&buf[i]);
	} else {
		(void)makedir(&buf, lost_found_dir, 2);
		for (i = dirblksiz; i < sblock.fs_bsize; i += dirblksiz)
			copy_dir(&lost_found_dir[2], (struct direct*)&buf[i]);
	}
	if (sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC) {
		node.dp1.di_atime = tv->tv_sec;
		node.dp1.di_atimensec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
		node.dp1.di_mtime = tv->tv_sec;
		node.dp1.di_mtimensec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
		node.dp1.di_ctime = tv->tv_sec;
		node.dp1.di_ctimensec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
		node.dp1.di_mode = IFDIR | UMASK;
		node.dp1.di_nlink = 2;
		node.dp1.di_size = sblock.fs_bsize;
		node.dp1.di_db[0] = alloc(node.dp1.di_size, node.dp1.di_mode);
		if (node.dp1.di_db[0] == 0)
			return (0);
		node.dp1.di_blocks = btodb(ffs_fragroundup(&sblock,
		    node.dp1.di_size));
		qblocks += node.dp1.di_blocks;
		node.dp1.di_uid = geteuid();
		node.dp1.di_gid = getegid();
		wtfs(FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, node.dp1.di_db[0]), node.dp1.di_size,
		    buf);
	} else {
		node.dp2.di_atime = tv->tv_sec;
		node.dp2.di_atimensec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
		node.dp2.di_mtime = tv->tv_sec;
		node.dp2.di_mtimensec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
		node.dp2.di_ctime = tv->tv_sec;
		node.dp2.di_ctimensec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
		node.dp2.di_birthtime = tv->tv_sec;
		node.dp2.di_birthnsec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
		node.dp2.di_mode = IFDIR | UMASK;
		node.dp2.di_nlink = 2;
		node.dp2.di_size = sblock.fs_bsize;
		node.dp2.di_db[0] = alloc(node.dp2.di_size, node.dp2.di_mode);
		if (node.dp2.di_db[0] == 0)
			return (0);
		node.dp2.di_blocks = btodb(ffs_fragroundup(&sblock,
		    node.dp2.di_size));
		qblocks += node.dp2.di_blocks;
		node.dp2.di_uid = geteuid();
		node.dp2.di_gid = getegid();
		wtfs(FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, node.dp2.di_db[0]), node.dp2.di_size,
		    buf);
	}
	qinos++;
	iput(&node, LOSTFOUNDINO);
#endif
	/*
	 * create the root directory
	 */
	memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
	if (Oflag <= 1) {
		if (mfs) {
			node.dp1.di_mode = IFDIR | mfsmode;
			node.dp1.di_uid = mfsuid;
			node.dp1.di_gid = mfsgid;
		} else {
			node.dp1.di_mode = IFDIR | UMASK;
			node.dp1.di_uid = geteuid();
			node.dp1.di_gid = getegid();
		}
		node.dp1.di_nlink = PREDEFDIR;
		if (Oflag == 0)
			node.dp1.di_size = makedir(&buf, 
			    (struct direct *)oroot_dir, PREDEFDIR);
		else
			node.dp1.di_size = makedir(&buf, root_dir, PREDEFDIR);
		node.dp1.di_db[0] = alloc(sblock.fs_fsize, node.dp1.di_mode);
		if (node.dp1.di_db[0] == 0)
			return (0);
		node.dp1.di_blocks = btodb(ffs_fragroundup(&sblock,
		    node.dp1.di_size));
		qblocks += node.dp1.di_blocks;
		wtfs(FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, node.dp1.di_db[0]), sblock.fs_fsize, &buf);
	} else {
		if (mfs) {
			node.dp2.di_mode = IFDIR | mfsmode;
			node.dp2.di_uid = mfsuid;
			node.dp2.di_gid = mfsgid;
		} else {
			node.dp2.di_mode = IFDIR | UMASK;
			node.dp2.di_uid = geteuid();
			node.dp2.di_gid = getegid();
		}
		node.dp2.di_atime = tv->tv_sec;
		node.dp2.di_atimensec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
		node.dp2.di_mtime = tv->tv_sec;
		node.dp2.di_mtimensec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
		node.dp2.di_ctime = tv->tv_sec;
		node.dp2.di_ctimensec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
		node.dp2.di_birthtime = tv->tv_sec;
		node.dp2.di_birthnsec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
		node.dp2.di_nlink = PREDEFDIR;
		node.dp2.di_size = makedir(&buf, root_dir, PREDEFDIR);
		node.dp2.di_db[0] = alloc(sblock.fs_fsize, node.dp2.di_mode);
		if (node.dp2.di_db[0] == 0)
			return (0);
		node.dp2.di_blocks = btodb(ffs_fragroundup(&sblock,
		    node.dp2.di_size));
		qblocks += node.dp2.di_blocks;
		wtfs(FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, node.dp2.di_db[0]), sblock.fs_fsize, &buf);
	}
	qinos++;
	iput(&node, UFS_ROOTINO);
	/*
	 * compute the size of the hash table
	 * We know the smallest block size is 4k, so we can use 2k
	 * for the hash table; as an entry is 8 bytes we can store
	 * 256 entries. So let start q2h_hash_shift at 8
	 */
	for (q2h_hash_shift = 8;
	    q2h_hash_shift < 15;
	    q2h_hash_shift++) {
		if ((sizeof(uint64_t) << (q2h_hash_shift + 1)) +
		    sizeof(struct quota2_header) > (u_int)sblock.fs_bsize)
			break;
	}
	q2h_hash_mask = (1 << q2h_hash_shift) - 1;
	for (i = 0; i < MAXQUOTAS; i++) {
		struct quota2_header *q2h;
		struct quota2_entry *q2e;
		uint64_t offset;
		uid_t uid = (i == USRQUOTA ? geteuid() : getegid());

		if ((quotas & FS_Q2_DO_TYPE(i)) == 0)
			continue;
		quota2_create_blk0(sblock.fs_bsize, &buf, q2h_hash_shift,
		    i, needswap);
		/* grab an entry from header for root dir */
		q2h = &buf.q2h;
		offset = ufs_rw64(q2h->q2h_free, needswap);
		q2e = (void *)((char *)&buf + offset);
		q2h->q2h_free = q2e->q2e_next;
		memcpy(q2e, &q2h->q2h_defentry, sizeof(*q2e));
		q2e->q2e_uid = ufs_rw32(uid, needswap);
		q2e->q2e_val[QL_BLOCK].q2v_cur = ufs_rw64(qblocks, needswap);
		q2e->q2e_val[QL_FILE].q2v_cur = ufs_rw64(qinos, needswap);
		/* add to the hash entry */
		q2e->q2e_next = q2h->q2h_entries[uid & q2h_hash_mask];
		q2h->q2h_entries[uid & q2h_hash_mask] =
		    ufs_rw64(offset, needswap);

		memset(&node, 0, sizeof(node));
		if (sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC) {
			node.dp1.di_atime = tv->tv_sec;
			node.dp1.di_atimensec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
			node.dp1.di_mtime = tv->tv_sec;
			node.dp1.di_mtimensec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
			node.dp1.di_ctime = tv->tv_sec;
			node.dp1.di_ctimensec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
			node.dp1.di_mode = IFREG;
			node.dp1.di_nlink = 1;
			node.dp1.di_size = sblock.fs_bsize;
			node.dp1.di_db[0] =
			    alloc(node.dp1.di_size, node.dp1.di_mode);
			if (node.dp1.di_db[0] == 0)
				return (0);
			node.dp1.di_blocks = btodb(ffs_fragroundup(&sblock,
			    node.dp1.di_size));
			node.dp1.di_uid = geteuid();
			node.dp1.di_gid = getegid();
			wtfs(FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, node.dp1.di_db[0]),
			     node.dp1.di_size, &buf);
		} else {
			node.dp2.di_atime = tv->tv_sec;
			node.dp2.di_atimensec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
			node.dp2.di_mtime = tv->tv_sec;
			node.dp2.di_mtimensec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
			node.dp2.di_ctime = tv->tv_sec;
			node.dp2.di_ctimensec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
			node.dp2.di_birthtime = tv->tv_sec;
			node.dp2.di_birthnsec = tv->tv_usec * 1000;
			node.dp2.di_mode = IFREG;
			node.dp2.di_nlink = 1;
			node.dp2.di_size = sblock.fs_bsize;
			node.dp2.di_db[0] =
			    alloc(node.dp2.di_size, node.dp2.di_mode);
			if (node.dp2.di_db[0] == 0)
				return (0);
			node.dp2.di_blocks = btodb(ffs_fragroundup(&sblock,
			    node.dp2.di_size));
			node.dp2.di_uid = geteuid();
			node.dp2.di_gid = getegid();
			wtfs(FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, node.dp2.di_db[0]),
			    node.dp2.di_size, &buf);
		}
		iput(&node, nextino);
		sblock.fs_quotafile[i] = nextino;
		nextino++;
	}
	return (1);
}

/*
 * construct a set of directory entries in "buf".
 * return size of directory.
 */
int
makedir(union Buffer *buf, struct direct *protodir, int entries)
{
	char *cp;
	int i, spcleft;
	int dirblksiz = UFS_DIRBLKSIZ;
	if (isappleufs)
		dirblksiz = APPLEUFS_DIRBLKSIZ;

	memset(buf, 0, dirblksiz);
	spcleft = dirblksiz;
	for (cp = buf->data, i = 0; i < entries - 1; i++) {
		protodir[i].d_reclen = UFS_DIRSIZ(Oflag == 0, &protodir[i], 0);
		copy_dir(&protodir[i], (struct direct*)cp);
		cp += protodir[i].d_reclen;
		spcleft -= protodir[i].d_reclen;
	}
	protodir[i].d_reclen = spcleft;
	copy_dir(&protodir[i], (struct direct*)cp);
	return (dirblksiz);
}

/*
 * allocate a block or frag
 */
daddr_t
alloc(int size, int mode)
{
	int i, frag;
	daddr_t d, blkno;

	rdfs(FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, cgtod(&sblock, 0)), sblock.fs_cgsize, &acg);
	/* fs -> host byte order */
	if (needswap)
		ffs_cg_swap(&acg, &acg, &sblock);
	if (acg.cg_magic != CG_MAGIC) {
		printf("cg 0: bad magic number\n");
		return (0);
	}
	if (acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree == 0) {
		printf("first cylinder group ran out of space\n");
		return (0);
	}
	for (d = 0; d < acg.cg_ndblk; d += sblock.fs_frag)
		if (isblock(&sblock, cg_blksfree(&acg, 0),
		    d >> sblock.fs_fragshift))
			goto goth;
	printf("internal error: can't find block in cyl 0\n");
	return (0);
goth:
	blkno = ffs_fragstoblks(&sblock, d);
	clrblock(&sblock, cg_blksfree(&acg, 0), blkno);
	if (sblock.fs_contigsumsize > 0)
		clrbit(cg_clustersfree(&acg, 0), blkno);
	acg.cg_cs.cs_nbfree--;
	sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree--;
	fscs_0->cs_nbfree--;
	if (mode & IFDIR) {
		acg.cg_cs.cs_ndir++;
		sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_ndir++;
		fscs_0->cs_ndir++;
	}
	if (Oflag <= 1) {
		int cn = old_cbtocylno(&sblock, d);
		old_cg_blktot(&acg, 0)[cn]--;
		old_cg_blks(&sblock, &acg,
		    cn, 0)[old_cbtorpos(&sblock, d)]--;
	}
	if (size != sblock.fs_bsize) {
		frag = howmany(size, sblock.fs_fsize);
		fscs_0->cs_nffree += sblock.fs_frag - frag;
		sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nffree += sblock.fs_frag - frag;
		acg.cg_cs.cs_nffree += sblock.fs_frag - frag;
		acg.cg_frsum[sblock.fs_frag - frag]++;
		for (i = frag; i < sblock.fs_frag; i++)
			setbit(cg_blksfree(&acg, 0), d + i);
	}
	/* host -> fs byte order */
	if (needswap)
		ffs_cg_swap(&acg, &acg, &sblock);
	wtfs(FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, cgtod(&sblock, 0)), sblock.fs_cgsize, &acg);
	return (d);
}

/*
 * Allocate an inode on the disk
 */
static void
iput(union dinode *ip, ino_t ino)
{
	daddr_t d;
	int i;
	struct ufs1_dinode *dp1;
	struct ufs2_dinode *dp2;

	rdfs(FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, cgtod(&sblock, 0)), sblock.fs_cgsize, &acg);
	/* fs -> host byte order */
	if (needswap)
		ffs_cg_swap(&acg, &acg, &sblock);
	if (acg.cg_magic != CG_MAGIC) {
		printf("cg 0: bad magic number\n");
		fserr(31);
	}
	acg.cg_cs.cs_nifree--;
	setbit(cg_inosused(&acg, 0), ino);
	/* host -> fs byte order */
	if (needswap)
		ffs_cg_swap(&acg, &acg, &sblock);
	wtfs(FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, cgtod(&sblock, 0)), sblock.fs_cgsize, &acg);
	sblock.fs_cstotal.cs_nifree--;
	fscs_0->cs_nifree--;
	if (ino >= (ino_t)(sblock.fs_ipg * sblock.fs_ncg)) {
		printf("fsinit: inode value out of range (%llu).\n",
		    (unsigned long long)ino);
		fserr(32);
	}
	d = FFS_FSBTODB(&sblock, ino_to_fsba(&sblock, ino));
	rdfs(d, sblock.fs_bsize, (char *)iobuf);
	if (sblock.fs_magic == FS_UFS1_MAGIC) {
		dp1 = (struct ufs1_dinode *)iobuf;
		dp1 += ino_to_fsbo(&sblock, ino);
		if (needswap) {
			ffs_dinode1_swap(&ip->dp1, dp1);
			/* ffs_dinode1_swap() doesn't swap blocks addrs */
			for (i=0; i<UFS_NDADDR; i++)
			    dp1->di_db[i] = bswap32(ip->dp1.di_db[i]);
			for (i=0; i<UFS_NIADDR; i++)
			    dp1->di_ib[i] = bswap32(ip->dp1.di_ib[i]);
		} else
			*dp1 = ip->dp1;
		dp1->di_gen = arc4random() & INT32_MAX;
	} else {
		dp2 = (struct ufs2_dinode *)iobuf;
		dp2 += ino_to_fsbo(&sblock, ino);
		if (needswap) {
			ffs_dinode2_swap(&ip->dp2, dp2);
			for (i=0; i<UFS_NDADDR; i++)
			    dp2->di_db[i] = bswap64(ip->dp2.di_db[i]);
			for (i=0; i<UFS_NIADDR; i++)
			    dp2->di_ib[i] = bswap64(ip->dp2.di_ib[i]);
		} else
			*dp2 = ip->dp2;
		dp2->di_gen = arc4random() & INT32_MAX;
	}
	wtfs(d, sblock.fs_bsize, iobuf);
}

/*
 * read a block from the file system
 */
void
rdfs(daddr_t bno, int size, void *bf)
{
	int n;
	off_t offset;

#ifdef MFS
	if (mfs) {
		if (Nflag)
			memset(bf, 0, size);
		else
			memmove(bf, membase + bno * sectorsize, size);
		return;
	}
#endif
	offset = bno;
	n = pread(fsi, bf, size, offset * sectorsize);
	if (n != size) {
		printf("rdfs: read error for sector %lld: %s\n",
		    (long long)bno, strerror(errno));
		exit(34);
	}
}

/*
 * write a block to the file system
 */
void
wtfs(daddr_t bno, int size, void *bf)
{
	int n;
	off_t offset;

	if (Nflag)
		return;
#ifdef MFS
	if (mfs) {
		memmove(membase + bno * sectorsize, bf, size);
		return;
	}
#endif
	offset = bno;
	n = pwrite(fso, bf, size, offset * sectorsize);
	if (n != size) {
		printf("wtfs: write error for sector %lld: %s\n",
		    (long long)bno, strerror(errno));
		exit(36);
	}
}

/*
 * check if a block is available
 */
int
isblock(struct fs *fs, unsigned char *cp, int h)
{
	unsigned char mask;

	switch (fs->fs_fragshift) {
	case 3:
		return (cp[h] == 0xff);
	case 2:
		mask = 0x0f << ((h & 0x1) << 2);
		return ((cp[h >> 1] & mask) == mask);
	case 1:
		mask = 0x03 << ((h & 0x3) << 1);
		return ((cp[h >> 2] & mask) == mask);
	case 0:
		mask = 0x01 << (h & 0x7);
		return ((cp[h >> 3] & mask) == mask);
	default:
#ifdef STANDALONE
		printf("isblock bad fs_fragshift %d\n", fs->fs_fragshift);
#else
		fprintf(stderr, "isblock bad fs_fragshift %d\n",
		    fs->fs_fragshift);
#endif
		return (0);
	}
}

/*
 * take a block out of the map
 */
void
clrblock(struct fs *fs, unsigned char *cp, int h)
{
	switch ((fs)->fs_fragshift) {
	case 3:
		cp[h] = 0;
		return;
	case 2:
		cp[h >> 1] &= ~(0x0f << ((h & 0x1) << 2));
		return;
	case 1:
		cp[h >> 2] &= ~(0x03 << ((h & 0x3) << 1));
		return;
	case 0:
		cp[h >> 3] &= ~(0x01 << (h & 0x7));
		return;
	default:
#ifdef STANDALONE
		printf("clrblock bad fs_fragshift %d\n", fs->fs_fragshift);
#else
		fprintf(stderr, "clrblock bad fs_fragshift %d\n",
		    fs->fs_fragshift);
#endif
		return;
	}
}

/*
 * put a block into the map
 */
void
setblock(struct fs *fs, unsigned char *cp, int h)
{
	switch (fs->fs_fragshift) {
	case 3:
		cp[h] = 0xff;
		return;
	case 2:
		cp[h >> 1] |= (0x0f << ((h & 0x1) << 2));
		return;
	case 1:
		cp[h >> 2] |= (0x03 << ((h & 0x3) << 1));
		return;
	case 0:
		cp[h >> 3] |= (0x01 << (h & 0x7));
		return;
	default:
#ifdef STANDALONE
		printf("setblock bad fs_frag %d\n", fs->fs_fragshift);
#else
		fprintf(stderr, "setblock bad fs_fragshift %d\n",
		    fs->fs_fragshift);
#endif
		return;
	}
}

/* copy a direntry to a buffer, in fs byte order */
static void
copy_dir(struct direct *dir, struct direct *dbuf)
{
	memcpy(dbuf, dir, UFS_DIRSIZ(Oflag == 0, dir, 0));
	if (needswap) {
		dbuf->d_ino = bswap32(dir->d_ino);
		dbuf->d_reclen = bswap16(dir->d_reclen);
		if (Oflag == 0)
			((struct odirect*)dbuf)->d_namlen =
				bswap16(((struct odirect*)dir)->d_namlen);
	}
}

static int
ilog2(int val)
{
	u_int n;

	for (n = 0; n < sizeof(n) * CHAR_BIT; n++)
		if (1 << n == val)
			return (n);
	errx(1, "ilog2: %d is not a power of 2", val);
}

static void
zap_old_sblock(int sblkoff)
{
	static int cg0_data;
	uint32_t oldfs[SBLOCKSIZE / 4] __aligned(DEV_BSIZE);
	static const struct fsm {
		uint32_t	offset;
		uint32_t	magic;
		uint32_t	mask;
	} fs_magics[] = {
		{offsetof(struct fs, fs_magic)/4, FS_UFS1_MAGIC, ~0u},
		{offsetof(struct fs, fs_magic)/4, FS_UFS2_MAGIC, ~0u},
		{0, 0x70162, ~0u},		/* LFS_MAGIC */
		{14, 0xef53, 0xffff},		/* EXT2FS (little) */
		{14, 0xef530000, 0xffff0000},	/* EXT2FS (big) */
		{.offset = ~0u},
	};
	const struct fsm *fsm;

	if (Nflag)
		return;

	if (sblkoff == 0)	/* Why did UFS2 add support for this?  sigh. */
		return;

	if (cg0_data == 0)
		/* For FFSv1 this could include all the inodes. */
		cg0_data = cgsblock(&sblock, 0) * sblock.fs_fsize + iobufsize;

	/* Ignore anything that is beyond our filesystem */
	if ((sblkoff + SBLOCKSIZE)/sectorsize >= fssize)
		return;
	/* Zero anything inside our filesystem... */
	if (sblkoff >= sblock.fs_sblockloc) {
		/* ...unless we will write that area anyway */
		if (sblkoff >= cg0_data)
			wtfs(sblkoff / sectorsize,
			    roundup(sizeof sblock, sectorsize), iobuf);
		return;
	}

	/* The sector might contain boot code, so we must validate it */
	rdfs(sblkoff/sectorsize, sizeof oldfs, &oldfs);
	for (fsm = fs_magics; ; fsm++) {
		uint32_t v;
		if (fsm->mask == 0)
			return;
		v = oldfs[fsm->offset];
		if ((v & fsm->mask) == fsm->magic ||
		    (bswap32(v) & fsm->mask) == fsm->magic)
			break;
	}

	/* Just zap the magic number */
	oldfs[fsm->offset] = 0;
	wtfs(sblkoff/sectorsize, sizeof oldfs, &oldfs);
}


#ifdef MFS
/*
 * Internal version of malloc that trims the requested size if not enough
 * memory is available.
 */
static void *
mkfs_malloc(size_t size)
{
	u_long pgsz;
	caddr_t *memory, *extra;
	size_t exsize = 128 * 1024;

	if (size == 0)
		return (NULL);

	pgsz = getpagesize() - 1;
	size = (size + pgsz) &~ pgsz;

	/* try to map requested size */
	memory = mmap(0, size, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_ANON|MAP_PRIVATE,
	    -1, 0);
	if (memory == MAP_FAILED)
		return NULL;

	/* try to map something extra */
	extra = mmap(0, exsize, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_ANON|MAP_PRIVATE,
	    -1, 0);
	if (extra != MAP_FAILED)
		munmap(extra, exsize);

	/* if extra memory couldn't be mapped, reduce original request accordingly */
	if (extra == MAP_FAILED) {
		munmap(memory, size);
		size -= exsize;
		memory = mmap(0, size, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_ANON|MAP_PRIVATE,
		    -1, 0);
		if (memory == MAP_FAILED)
			return NULL;
	}

	return memory;
}
#endif	/* MFS */