1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
|
.\" $NetBSD: main,v 1.570 2022/12/16 16:58:14 martin Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1999-2012 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
.\" All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
.\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.ig
To "regenerate" this file, go up one level to src/distrib/notes
and type "make". This will create
src/distrib/notes/<arch>/INSTALL.*.
We keep most of the notes the same on HEAD and release branches,
but some of this are not appropriate for HEAD/current. Also
some locations differ for actual release, so we distinguish
between:
RELEASE_BRANCH == 1
this is on a release branch (not -current)
RELEASE_BRANCH == 0
this is current, not yet branched
FOR_RELEASE == 1
this is an official release (will be signed and placed
on ftp/cdn)
FOR_RELEASE == 0
this is a local build or a "daily" build on the build
cluster
..
.
.tm Processing INSTALL
.
.\" -------------------- CONFIGURATION --------------------
.
.nr oldvers ( \n[major] - 1 )
.ie \n[FOR_RELEASE] \{\
.ds RELEASE_URL https://cdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-\*V
.\}
.el \{\
.ie \n[RELEASE_BRANCH] \{\
.ds ftppath netbsd-\n[major]
.\} \" \n[RELEASE_BRANCH]
.el .ds ftppath HEAD
.ds RELEASE_URL https://nycdn.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD-daily/\*[ftppath]/latest
.\} \" !\n[FOR_RELEASE]
.nr DOC_XR 1
.ds MACHINE_LIST acorn32 algor alpha amd64 amiga amigappc arc atari
.as MACHINE_LIST " bebox cats cesfic cobalt dreamcast emips evbarm evbmips
.as MACHINE_LIST " evbppc evbsh3 ews4800mips hp300 hppa hpcarm hpcmips hpcsh
.as MACHINE_LIST " i386 ibmnws iyonix landisk luna68k mac68k macppc mipsco
.as MACHINE_LIST " mmeye mvme68k mvmeppc netwinder news68k newsmips next68k
.as MACHINE_LIST " ofppc playstation2 pmax prep rs6000 sandpoint sbmips
.as MACHINE_LIST " sgimips shark sparc sparc64 sun2 sun3 vax x68k zaurus .
.so \*[.CURDIR]/../common/macros
.
.\" Override <title> for HTML output
.if rHTML .ds title-section Installation procedure for NetBSD/\*M \*V
.Dd \*[cur_date]
.Dt INSTALL 8
.Os NetBSD/\*M \*V
.Sh NAME
.Nm INSTALL
.Nd Installation procedure for
.Nx*M .
.Sh CONTENTS
.Tc
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.
.Ss About this Document
.Pp
.
This document describes the installation procedure for
.Nx
\*V on the
.Em \*M
platform.
It is available in four different formats titled
.Pa INSTALL. Ns Ar ext ,
where
.Ar \&.ext
is one of
.Pa \&.ps , \&.html , \&.more ,
.No or Pa \&.txt :
.(tag \&.morex -offset indent
.It Pa \&.ps
PostScript.
.It Pa \&.html
.No Standard Internet Tn HTML .
.It Pa \&.more
The enhanced text format used on
.Ul
systems by the
.Xr more 1
and
.Xr less 1
pager utility programs.
This is the format in which the on-line
.Em man
pages are generally presented.
.It Pa \&.txt
Plain old
.Tn ASCII .
.tag)
.Pp
You are reading the
.Em \*[format]
version.
.
.if \n[i386]:\n[macppc]:\n[sparc]:\n[sparc64]:\n[amd64] \{\
.Ss "Quick install notes for the impatient"
.Pp
This section contains some brief notes describing what you need to
install
.Nx
\*V on a machine of the \*M architecture.
.Bl -bullet
.It
Fetch files needed to install
.Nx .
.if \n[i386]:\n[amd64] \{\
.Pp
Option 1: bootable CD-ROM images or USB images containing the
full distribution.
.Pp
These can be found
on an FTP site near you, usually located in the
.Pa /pub/NetBSD/images/
directory.
Check the list of
.Nx
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors mirrors
for details.
.Pp
Option 2: bootable CD-ROM images from
.Pa \*M/installation/cdrom/ .
.Pp
These images are bootable, but do not contain binary sets.
They are intended for network installs or system repair.
.Pa boot.iso
is for VGA console installation, and
.Pa boot-com.iso
is for installation over serial console (com0, 9600 baud).
.Pp
.\} \" amd64:i386
.if \n[i386] \{\
Option 3: boot floppy images from
.Pa \*M/installation/floppy/ .
.Pp
.Pa boot1.fs
and
.Pa boot2.fs
are floppy images for VGA console installation.
.Pa boot-com1.fs
and
.Pa boot-com2.fs
are for installation via serial console (com0, 9600 baud).
.\} \" i386
.if \n[i386]:\n[amd64] \{\
.It
The default kernel on CD-ROMs has ACPI enabled.
This is known to cause issues on a few machines which have buggy ACPI
implementations.
.Pp
To boot with ACPI disabled, interrupt the menu and enter the
.Nx
boot prompt.
Type
.Ic boot -2
to boot with ACPI disabled.
.\} \" amd64:i386
.if \n[macppc] \{\
The files depend on which model you
are using and how you plan to boot your machine.
For systems with built-in floppy drives (Open Firmware 1 or 2),
fetch the pair of boot floppy images
.Pa macppc/installation/floppy/boot1.fs
and
.Pa macppc/installation/floppy/boot2.fs ,
which include the bootloader and installation kernel.
For systems without floppy drives (most are Open Firmware 3), fetch the
bootloader
.Pa macppc/installation/ofwboot.xcf
and the installation kernel
.Pa macppc/binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC_MD.gz .
If you have a CD-R, you can fetch the CD image,
.Pa NetBSD-\*V-macppc.iso .
.\}
.if \n[sparc] \{\
Fetch a CD image,
.Pa NetBSD-\*V-sparc.iso .
You need the CD to boot your system.
.\}
.if \n[sparc64] \{\
This is either a CD image
.Pq Pa NetBSD-\*V-sparc64.iso
which can be booted directly, or the installation kernel and bootloader
.Pq Pa sparc64/binary/kernel/netbsd-INSTALL.gz No and Pa sparc64/installation/misc/ofwboot
which can be booted from a
.Tn Solaris
or
.Nx
partition.
.\}
.if \n[macppc]:\n[sparc]:\n[sparc64] \{\
Alternatively, you may netboot the installation kernel. This process is
covered below, in detail.
.\}
.It
The actual binary distribution is in the
.Pa \*M/binary/sets/
directory.
When you boot the install
.if \n[amd64] image or CD-ROM,
.if \n[i386] image, CD-ROM or floppies,
.if \n[macppc] kernel from floppies, hard drive, or CD-ROM,
.if \n[sparc] CD-ROM,
.if \n[sparc64] CD-ROM or installation kernel,
the installation program
can fetch these files for you (using, e.g., ftp)
if you have a network connection.
There are several other methods to get the binary sets onto
your machine.
.Pp
You will at a minimum need
.ie \n[i386]:\n[amd64] \{\
one of the kernel sets, typically
.Pa kern-GENERIC.\*[setsuffix] ,
as well as
.\}
.el \{\
the following sets:
.Pa kern-GENERIC.\*[setsuffix] ,
.\}
.Pa base.\*[setsuffix]
and
.Pa etc.\*[setsuffix] .
In a typical workstation installation you will probably want
all the installation sets.
.if \n[i386]:\n[amd64] \{\
.It
Write the boot images
.Pp
Many commercial and freeware programs are available to burn CD-ROMs.
.Pp
If installing via USB, you must first uncompress the USB image, which
is gzipped.
.if \n[amd64] \{\
Note the \*M architecture has two images, NetBSD-\*V-\*M-install.img.gz
and NetBSD-\*V-\*M-bios-install.img.gz. The latter is intended for older
hardware which is unable to boot using a hybrid MBR and GPT image.
.\}
.Dl $ Ic "gunzip NetBSD-\*V-\*M-install.img.gz"
Next, write the USB image to a USB stick/drive.
Note that this will overwrite any existing data on the device that you
specify, so double check the device before running!
On
.Ul
operating systems, use a command similar to the following,
replacing
.Pa /dev/rsd0d
with the appropriate device for your system:
.Dl # Ic "dd if=NetBSD-\*V-\*M-install.img of=/dev/rsd0d bs=32k"
On Windows, you will need to use a program such as
.Lk http://sourceforge.net/projects/win32diskimager/ "Win32 Disk Imager" ,
or
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/~martin/rawrite32 Rawrite32 .
If you have problems writing a raw image to a floppy,
the
.Ic rawrite.exe
MS-DOS program
in the
.Pa \*M/installation/misc/
directory may be of help.
.\}
.if \n[macppc] \{\
.It
If your \*M has a floppy drive, create the pair of boot floppies using
.Ic suntar
(MacOS 9),
.Ic rawrite
(Windows), or
.Ic dd
(any
.Ul
system with floppy support). If your system has Open Firmware 3, drag
.Pa ofwboot.xcf No and Pa netbsd-GENERIC_MD.gz
to your hard drive icon (the top level of the drive, not the desktop).
If you are using the CD image, burn it now.
.\}
.if \n[sparc] \{\
.It
Make sure your sparc's CD-ROM drive is bootable.
Burn the CD.
.\}
.if \n[sparc64] \{\
.It
Burn the CD or put the installation kernel and bootloader
at the root level of a bootable
.Tn Solaris
or
.Nx
partition.
.\}
.Pp
The media you just prepared will be used to boot the installation
kernel, which contains all the tools required to install
.Nx .
.if \n[macppc] \{\
.It
Determine your machine's model, quirks, and Open Firmware version from the
.Nx*M
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/ports/macppc/models.html "Model Support webpage" .
.Pp
At present,
.Nx*M
cannot exist on the same hard drive as
.Tn Mac OS
unless you partition your disk before running the installer.
Open Firmware versions prior to 3 require a dedicated
.Nx
drive \(em you must use the entire disk,
partitioned with the installation tools.
Open Firmware version 3 cannot boot into
.Nx
on a drive partitioned with the installation tools, you must partition
your disk before running the installer, then select the
.Dq Me "Re-install sets or install additional sets"
option in the installer (selecting the
.Dq Me "Install NetBSD to hard disk"
or
.Dq Me "Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk"
options will render your drive unbootable).
If you are unsure, you may want to read the section below on
.Sx Partitioning your hard drive for NetBSD
.It
For systems with Open Firmware versions prior to 3, you may need to use
Apple's System Disk utility to enter Open Firmware and use your screen and
keyboard.
To enter Open Firmware, hold down the
.Key COMMAND-OPTION-O-F
keys after the boot chime starts, but before the chime ends.
Entering Open Firmware versions prior to 3 is usually the most frustrating
part of installation \(em you may want to read the section below on
.Sx Older Open Firmware System Preparation
.Pp
You should have the Open Firmware
.Dq Pa "0 \*[Gt]"
prompt on your screen before attempting to boot
.Nx*M .
.\}
.if \n[macppc] \{\
.It
At the Open Firmware prompt, type the command to boot.
To boot from the installation floppies, the command is
.Dq Ic "boot fd:0" .
For the install kernel and bootloader on your hard drive (Open Firmware
3), the command is
.Dq Ic "boot hd:,\eofwboot.xcf netbsd-GENERIC_MD.gz" .
.Pp
For boot CDs, the command is something like
.Dq Ic "boot cd:,\eofwboot.xcf netbsd.macppc"
(for Open Firmware 3) or
.Dq Ic "boot scsi-int/sd@3:0 NETBSD.MACPPC"
(for earlier Open Firmware versions).
You will need to use the correct case for
.Ic OFWBOOT.XCF No and Ic NETBSD.MACPPC
depending on how your version of Open Firmware interprets the ISO
file system.
You may need to replace
.Ic cd
with
.Ic "scsi/sd@3 , scsi-int/sd@3 , ata/atapi-disk ,"
or some other device alias.
You should also use the Open Firmware
.Ic dir
command to confirm that the
.Nx*M
kernel is called
.Pa NETBSD.MACPPC .
You may want to read the section below on
.Sx Open Firmware boot syntax
.\}
.if \n[macppc] \{\
.It
.Pp
PowerPC 601 machines need to use separate boot floppies
.Pa macppc/installation/floppy/boot601_1.fs
and
.Pa macppc/installation/floppy/boot602_2.fs ,
a different kernel set
.Pa kern-GENERIC_601.\*[setsuffix] ,
and a different install kernel
.Pa netbsd-INSTALL_601.gz .
The same boot CD can be used but at the boot prompt you must specify
the 601 kernel, i.e., replace
.Ic netbsd.macppc
with
.Ic netbsd.601
.
.\}
.if \n[sparc]:\n[sparc64] \{\
.It
You will need to get to the
.if \n[sparc] OpenBoot PROM
.if \n[sparc64] OpenFirmware
.Dq Ic "ok"
prompt.
After your system first powers on and displays some initial information,
press the
.Key STOP-A
keys, or send a BREAK if you're on a serial console.
At the
.Dq Ic "ok"
prompt, type the command to boot your system into
.Nx .
.\}
.if \n[sparc] \{\
The command to boot from CD is one of the following commands (depending on
your model):
.Dq Ic b sd(,30,) ,
.Dq Ic boot sd(,30,) ,
or
.Dq Ic boot cdrom .
.\}
.if \n[sparc64] \{\
The command to boot from CD is:
.Dq Ic boot cdrom .
The command to boot the
.Nx
kernel from a
.Tn Solaris
or
.Nx
partition depends on which disk and partition it is on.
To boot from the first partition of the first (primary) disk:
.Dq Ic "boot disk:a /ofwboot -a" .
When it asks you for a kernel, specify
.Dq Ic "netbsd-INSTALL.gz"
.\}
.It
For third-party programs which are not part of the base
.Nx
distribution, you will want to explore the
.Ic pkgsrc
package management system, which contains thousands of third-party software
applications.
.El
.\}
.Ss "What is NetBSD?"
.Pp
.
The
.Nx
Operating System is a fully functional open-source operating system derived
from the University of California, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2),
4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources.
.Nx
runs on many different different system architectures (ports)
across a variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more.
The
.Nx
\*V release contains complete binary releases for most of these
system architectures, with preliminary support for the others included in
source form.
Please see the
.Nx
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/ website
for information on them.
.Pp
.Nx
is a completely integrated system.
In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel,
.nh
.Nx
features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several
languages, the X Window System, firewall software
and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code.
.Pp
.\" XXX Should we include some text here about NetBSD's license
.\" policies and how commercial-friendly it is?
.Nx
is a creation of the members of the Internet community.
Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes
possible,
.Nx
would not exist.
.
.ie \n[RELEASE_BRANCH] .Ss Changes Between The NetBSD \n[oldvers] \
and \n[major] Releases
.el .Ss Changes Between The NetBSD \n[oldvers] and \
\n[major] Releases, and newer
.Pp
The
.Nx
\*V release
provides many significant changes, including support for many new
devices, hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and
numerous userland enhancements.
The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for
production use that rivals most commercially available systems.
.Pp
.if !\n[RELEASE_BRANCH] \{ \
Please note that this build is a development snapshot, not a formal release.
You are testing the bleeding edge of
.Nx
development, and no formal or informal testing may have been done for
this snapshot (yet).
.Pp
.\} \" !\n[RELEASE_BRANCH] \{
One important new feature in this release is the support for extended
attributes and access controll lists on FFS file systems.
.Pp
For new installations the installer will default to disable this features,
so the file system is compatible with older
.Nx
releases (before 10), and allow other operating systems to mount this
file systems at least in read-only mode.
.Pp
If you want a new installed file system to support extended attributes,
change the file system type from
.Dq FFSv2
to
.Dq FFSv2ea
in the partitioning menu.
You can also convert file systems later, using the
.Xr fsck_ffs 8
utility.
More details are available in
.Lk https://wiki.netbsd.org/tutorials/acls_and_extended_attributes_on_ffs "this guide" .
.Pp
If you are upgrading from a version of
.Nx -current
please also check the
.Sx "Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases" .
.PP
It is impossible to completely summarize the massive development that
went into the
.Nx
\*V release.
.ie \n[RELEASE_BRANCH] \{\
The complete list of changes can be found in the following files:
.br
.Lk "\*[RELEASE_URL]/CHANGES" CHANGES
.de showdotchanges
. nr ominor (\\$1-1)
. if \\n[ominor] .showdotchanges \\n[ominor]
. nr ominor (\\$1-1)
. br
. Lk "\*[RELEASE_URL]/CHANGES-\n[major].\\$1" "CHANGES-\\n[major].\\$1"
..
.showdotchanges \n[minor]
.if (\n[nextminor] > \n[minor]) \{\
. br
. Lk "\*[RELEASE_URL]/CHANGES-\n[major].\n[nextminor]" "CHANGES-\\n[major].\n[nextminor]"
.\}
.br
files in the top level directory of the NetBSD \n[major].\n[minor] release tree.
.Pp
.
.\} \" \n[RELEASE_BRANCH]
.el \{\
The complete list of changes can be found in the following files:
.br
.Lk \*[RELEASE_URL]/CHANGES CHANGES
.br
.Lk \*[RELEASE_URL]/CHANGES.prev CHANGES.prev
.\} \" !\n[RELEASE_BRANCH]
.
.Ss "Features to be removed in a later release"
The following features are to be removed from
.Nx
in the future:
.Bl -bullet -offset indent
.It
.Xr groff 1 .
Man pages are now handled with
.Xr mandoc 1 ,
and
.Xr groff 1
can still be found in pkgsrc as
.Pa textproc/groff .
.It
.Xr pf 4 .
This packet filter is obsolete and unmaintained in
.Nx .
It will be eventually removed due to possible long-standing
security issues and lack of multiprocessor support.
New installations should use
.Xr npf 7 .
.El
.Ss "The NetBSD Foundation"
.Pp
.
The
.Nx
Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corporation
that devotes itself to the traditional goals and spirit of the
.Nx
Project and owns the trademark of the word
.Dq NetBSD .
It supports the design, development, and adoption of
.Nx
worldwide.
More information on the
.Nx
Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at:
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/
.br_ne 10P
.
.Ss "Sources of NetBSD"
.Pp
.
Refer to
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/ mirrors
.br_ne 10P
.
.Ss "NetBSD \*V Release Contents
.Pp
.
The root directory of the
.Nx
\*V release is organized as follows:
.Pp
.Pa .../NetBSD-\*V/
.(tag README.files
.It Li CHANGES
.ie \n[RELEASE_BRANCH] Changes between the \n[oldvers].0 and \
\n[major].0 releases.
.el Changes after the netbsd-\n[major] branch.
.if \n[RELEASE_BRANCH] \{\
.It Li CHANGES-\\n[major].0
Changes between the initial \n[major].0 branch and final release of \n[major].0.
.de showdotchanges
. nr ominor (\\$1-1)
. if \\n[ominor] .showdotchanges \\n[ominor]
. nr ominor (\\$1-1)
. It Li CHANGES-\\n[major].\\$1
Changes between the \n[major].\\n[ominor] and the \n[major].\\$1 release.
..
.if \n[minor] .showdotchanges \n[minor]
.if (\n[nextminor] > \n[minor]) \{\
.It Li CHANGES-\\n[major].\n[nextminor]
Changes after the release of \n[major].\n[minor].
.\} \" \n[nextminor] > \n[minor]
.\} \" \n[RELEASE_BRANCH]
.It Li CHANGES.prev
Changes in previous
.Nx
releases.
.if \n[FOR_RELEASE] \{\
.It Li LAST_MINUTE
Last minute changes and notes about the release.
.\} \" \n[FOR_RELEASE]
.It Li README.files
README describing the distribution's contents.
.It Pa images/
Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing NetBSD.
Depending on your system, these may be bootable.
.It Pa source/
Source distribution sets; see below.
.tag)
.Pp
In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one
directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which
.Nx
\*V has a binary distribution.
.Pp
The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the
.Pa source
subdirectory of the distribution tree.
They contain the complete sources to the system.
The source distribution sets are as follows:
.(tag sharesrc
.It Sy gnusrc
This set contains the
.Dq gnu
sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff,
and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets.
.It Sy sharesrc
This set contains the
.Dq share
sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated
with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document
set; the dictionaries; and more.
.It Sy src
This set contains all of the base
.Nx
\*V sources which are not in
.Sy gnusrc ,
.Sy sharesrc ,
or
.Sy syssrc .
.It Sy syssrc
This set contains the sources to the
.Nx
\*V kernel for all architectures as well as the
.Xr config 1
utility.
.It Sy xsrc
This set contains the sources to the X Window System.
.tag)
.Pp
All the above source sets are located in the
.Pa source/sets
subdirectory of the distribution tree.
.Pp
The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files.
Except for the
.Sy pkgsrc
set, which is traditionally unpacked into
.Pa /usr/pkgsrc ,
all sets may be unpacked into
.Pa /usr/src
with the command:
.Dl # Ic "cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.\*[setsuffix]"
.Pp
In each of the source distribution set directories, there are
files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory:
.(tag SHA512 -offset indent
.It Li MD5
.Tn MD5
digests in the format produced by the command:
.br
.Ic cksum -a MD5 Ar file .
.It Li SHA512
.Tn SHA512
digests in the format produced by the command:
.br
.Ic cksum -a SHA512 Ar file .
.tag)
.Pp
The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider
range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files.
.
.so contents -----------------------------------------------
.
.
.(Note
Each directory in the \*M binary distribution also has its
own checksum files, just as the source distribution does.
.Note)
.br_ne 7P
.
.Ss "NetBSD/\*M System Requirements and Supported Devices"
.
.so hardware -----------------------------------------------
.br_ne 7P
.
.Ss "Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media"
.
.so xfer -----------------------------------------------
.br_ne 7P
.
.Ss "Preparing your System for NetBSD installation"
.
.so prep -----------------------------------------------
.br_ne 7P
.
.ie \n[mac68k] .Ss "Installing the NetBSD System (Sysinst Method)"
.el .Ss "Installing the NetBSD System"
.
.so install -----------------------------------------------
.br_ne 7P
.
.Ss "Post installation steps"
.
.so ../common/postinstall -----------------------------------------------
.br_ne 7P
.
.Ss "Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System"
.
.so upgrade -----------------------------------------------
.br_ne 7P
.
.Ss "Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases"
.Pp
.
Users upgrading from previous versions of
.Nx
may wish to bear the
following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to
.Nx
\*V.
.Pp
Note that
.Ic sysinst
will automatically invoke
.(disp
postinstall fix
.disp)
and thus all issues that are fixed by
.Ic postinstall
by default will be handled.
.Pp
If you have ever run a version of
.Nx -current
between April 18, 2020 and September 23, 2022 (the version numbers
used in the affected time range are between 9.99.56 and 9.99.106)
your FFS file systems might have broken extended attributes stored.
.Pp
You should follow this
.Lk https://wiki.netbsd.org/features/UFS2ea/ guide
before booting the updated system multi-user for the first time.
.Pp
.Em Note that you do not need to do anything special if you never did run any affected kernel,
especially if you have never run
.Nx -current .
.Pp
A number of things have been removed from the
.Nx
\*V release.
See the
.Dq Components removed from NetBSD
section near the beginning of this document for a list.
.Ss "Using online NetBSD documentation"
.Pp
Documentation is available if you installed the manual
distribution set.
Traditionally, the
.Dq man pages
(documentation) are denoted by
.Sq Li name(section) .
Some examples of this are
.Pp
.(bullet -compact -offset indent
.Xr intro 1 ,
.It
.Xr man 1 ,
.It
.Xr apropos 1 ,
.It
.Xr passwd 1 ,
and
.It
.Xr passwd 5 .
.bullet)
.Pp
The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three
are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats
are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8.
.Pp
.No The Em man
command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is
started by entering
.Ic man
.Op Ar section
.Ar topic .
The brackets
.Op \&
around the
section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is
optional.
If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the
lowest numbered section name will be displayed.
For instance, after logging in, enter
.Pp
.Dl # Ic "man passwd"
.Pp
to read the documentation for
.Xr passwd 1 .
To view the documentation for
.Xr passwd 5 ,
enter
.Pp
.Dl # Ic "man 5 passwd"
.Pp
instead.
.Pp
If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter
.Pp
.Dl # Ic apropos Ar subject-word
.Pp
where
.Ar subject-word
is your topic of interest; a list of possibly
related man pages will be displayed.
.
.Ss Administrivia
.Pp
.
If you've got something to say, do so!
We'd like your input.
There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list
server at
.Mt majordomo@NetBSD.org .
See
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/
for details.
.Pp
There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and
questions about this release.
Please send comments to:
.Mt netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org .
.Pp
To report bugs, use the
.Xr send-pr 1
command shipped with
.Nx ,
and fill in as much information about the problem as you can.
Good bug reports include lots of details.
.Pp
Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web interface at
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html
.Pp
There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of
each port of
.Nx .
Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/
.Pp
If
you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific
port, you probably should contact the
.Sq owner
of that port (listed
below).
.Pp
If you'd like to help with
.Nx ,
and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to:
.Mt netbsd-users@NetBSD.org .
.Pp
As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these
mailing lists.
Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere,
then mail the appropriate list about it.
If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to
those who want it.
.
.Ss Thanks go to
.
.(bullet
The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group,
including (but not limited to):
.Bd -unfilled -offset indent
Keith Bostic
Ralph Campbell
Mike Karels
Marshall Kirk McKusick
.Ed
.Pp
for their work on
.Bx
systems, support, and encouragement.
.It
The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the
.Nx
FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers.
.It
The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server
which runs the CVSweb interface to the
.Nx
source tree.
.It
The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting
the build cluster.
.It
The many organizations that provide
.Nx
mirror sites.
.It
Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats
go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people
who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool.
.It
We list the individuals and organizations
that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support
.Nx
development, and deserve credit for it at
.Lk https://www.NetBSD.org/donations/
(If you're not on that list and should be, tell us!
We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to verify that you
wanted to be listed.)
.It
Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into
developing
.Nx
since its inception in January, 1993.
(Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here.
If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!)
.bullet)
.
.Ss "Legal Mumbo-Jumbo"
.Pp
.
All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective owners.
.Pp
The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of
the software that we have mentioned in this document:
.Pp
.nr save_size \n[.s]
.nr save_vs \n[.v]
.ps 8
.vs 9
.Ht <font size=-1>
.(item -compact
.so ../common/legal.common -----------------------------------------------
.item)
.Ht </font>
.ps
.vs
.Ss "The End"
|